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An installation of FreeBSD using bsdinstall does not automatically install a graphical user interface. This chapter describes how to install and configure Xorg, which provides the open source X Window System used to provide a graphical environment. It then describes how to find and install a desktop environment or window manager. For more information on the video hardware that Xorg supports, refer to the x. Know how to install additional third-party software as described in Installing Applications: Packages and Ports.

While it is not necessary to understand all of the details of the various components in the X Window System and how they interact, some basic knowledge of these components can be useful. X was designed from the beginning to be network-centric, and adopts a "client-server" model.

In this model, the "X server" runs on the computer that has the keyboard, monitor, and mouse attached. This confuses some people, because the X terminology is exactly backward to what they expect. They expect the "X server" to be the big powerful machine down the hall, and the "X client" to be the machine on their desk. Each X application, such as XTerm or Firefox, is a "client". A client sends messages to the server such as "Please draw a window at these coordinates", and the server sends back messages such as "The user just clicked on the OK button".

In a home or small office environment, the X server and the X clients commonly run on the same computer. It is also possible to run the X server on a less powerful computer and to run the X applications on a more powerful system. In this scenario, the communication between the X client and server takes place over the network. X does not dictate what windows should look like on-screen, how to move them around with the mouse, which keystrokes should be used to move between windows, what the title bars on each window should look like, whether or not they have close buttons on them, and so on.

Instead, X delegates this responsibility to a separate window manager application. There are dozens of window managers available. Window managers are available in the xwm category of the Ports Collection. Each window manager uses a different configuration mechanism. Some expect configuration file written by hand while others provide graphical tools for most configuration tasks.

KDE and GNOME are considered to be desktop environments as they include an entire suite of applications for performing common desktop tasks.

These may include office suites, web browsers, and games. The window manager is responsible for the mouse focus policy.

This policy provides some means for choosing which window is actively receiving keystrokes and it should also visibly indicate which window is currently active. One focus policy is called "click-to-focus". In this model, a window becomes active upon receiving a mouse click.

In the "focus-follows-mouse" policy, the window that is under the mouse pointer has focus and the focus is changed by pointing at another window. If the mouse is over the root window, then this window is focused. In the "sloppy-focus" model, if the mouse is moved over the root window, the most recently used window still has the focus.

With sloppy-focus, focus is only changed when the cursor enters a new window, and not when exiting the current window. In the "click-to-focus" policy, the active window is selected by mouse click. The window may then be raised and appear in front of all other windows. All keystrokes will now be directed to this window, even if the cursor is moved to another window.

Different window managers support different focus models. All of them support click-to-focus, and the majority of them also support other policies.

Consult the documentation for the window manager to determine which focus models are available. Widget is a term for all of the items in the user interface that can be clicked or manipulated in some way. This includes buttons, check boxes, radio buttons, icons, and lists. A widget toolkit is a set of widgets used to create graphical applications. As a result, applications will have a different look and feel, depending upon which widget toolkit was used to create the application.

Either of these installations results in the complete Xorg system being installed. Binary packages are the best option for most users. Most of the documents, libraries, and applications will not be installed.

Some applications require these additional components to function. Video cards, monitors, and input devices are automatically detected and do not require any manual configuration. Do not create xorg. Add the user who will run Xorg to the video or wheel group to enable 3D acceleration when available. To add user jru to whichever group is available:. On some older versions of FreeBSD, the system console must be set to vt 4 before switching back to the text console will work properly.

It is usually simplest to add the user who will be running X to either the video or wheel group. Here, pw 8 is used to add user slurms to the video group, or to the wheel group if there is no video group:. When the computer switches from displaying the console to a higher screen resolution for X, it must set the video output mode. Recent versions of Xorg use a system inside the kernel to do these mode changes more efficiently.

The end result is that after closing X, the system console is blank, even though it is still working. The newer vt 4 console avoids this problem. Manual configuration is usually not necessary. Please do not manually create configuration files unless autoconfiguration does not work.

Xorg looks in several directories for configuration files. Using this directory helps keep application files separate from operating system files. However, this mixes application files with the base FreeBSD files and is not recommended. It is easier to use multiple files that each configure a specific setting than the traditional single xorg. These files are stored in the xorg. The traditional single xorg.

The Ports framework provides the drm graphics drivers necessary for X11 operation on recent hardware. These drivers use interfaces in the kernel that are normally private. This ensures the kernel module stays in-sync with the kernel itself.

The kernel and ports trees should be updated together for maximum compatibility. Advanced users can add it to their kernel config files with the makeoptions directive. Install the driver that matches the video card. Modern cards use the former.

Legacy cards use the -xxx ports, where xxx is one of , or indicating the version of the driver. This page lists the devices supported by different versions of the driver. Legacy drivers run on both i and amd The current driver only supports amd While we recommend this driver be rebuilt with each kernel rebuild for maximum safety, it uses almost no private kernel interfaces and is usually safe across kernel updates.

Some notebook computers add additional graphics processing units to those built into the chipset or processor. Implementations of these hybrid graphics systems vary, and Xorg on FreeBSD is not able to drive all versions of them. Some computers provide a BIOS option to disable one of the graphics adapters or select a discrete mode which can be used with one of the standard video card drivers.

BIOS settings depend on the model of computer. In some situations, both GPU s can be left enabled, but creating a configuration file that only uses the main GPU in the Device section is enough to make such a system functional. Drivers for some less-common video cards can be found in the xdrivers directory of the Ports Collection.

Xorg attempts to use this driver when a specific driver is not found for the video card. If more than one video card is present, the BusID identifier can be uncommented and set to select the desired card. A list of video card bus ID s can be displayed with pciconf -lv grep -B3 display. Xorg uses EDID to communicate with the monitor and detect the supported resolutions and refresh rates. Then it selects the most appropriate combination of settings to use with that monitor.

Other resolutions supported by the monitor can be chosen by setting the desired resolution in configuration files, or after the X server has been started with xrandr 1.

Run xrandr 1 without any parameters to see a list of video outputs and detected monitor modes:. This shows that the DVI-0 output is being used to display a screen resolution of x pixels at a refresh rate of about 60 Hz. Any of the other display modes can be selected with xrandr 1. For example, to switch to x at 60 Hz:. The type and quantity of output connectors varies between devices, and the name given to each output varies from driver to driver. So the first step is to run xrandr 1 to list all the available outputs:.

The projector has been connected to the VGA1 output. If the resolution is not correctly detected, a fixed value can be given with --mode instead of the --auto statement.

For example, most projectors can be used with a x resolution, which is set with --mode x The standardized location of keys on a keyboard is called a layout. Layouts and other adjustable parameters are listed in xkeyboard-config 7.